Integrative Learning

An undergraduate's university experience is often fragmented, with courses, service opportunities, and extra curricular activities seemingly unconnected to one another. Providing students with the means to integrate their learning can be a challenge for university educators. Promoting an integrative learning approach, however, can assist students in putting the pieces of the university experience into a coherent whole that prepares them for their personal, professional, and civic life. Learning takes place in individual courses and disciplines, but integrative learning transcends academic boundaries, and encourages students to address real-world problems, to synthesize multiple areas of knowledge, and to consider issues from a variety of perspectives.

Tools and Strategies for Integrative Learning

There are many tools and strategies for promoting integrative learning, including e-portfolios, experiential learning, and concept mapping. Click on the tabs below to learn more about each one.

  • e-portfolios
  • Experiential Learning
  • Other Strategies
  • Resources

What is an e-portfolio?

In these 3-minute videos, students talk about their experience with e-portfolios. Click a photo to watch.

An e-portfolio is “a digital container capable of storing [a collection of] visual and auditory artefacts including text, images, video and sound” (Abrami & Barrett, 2005, p.2) “which can be used to demonstrate knowledge, reflection, and learning”  (Young & Lipczynski , 2007, p.6).  E-portfolios are most effective when they are used in ways that incorporate reflection, are personally meaningful to the learner, and help students discover “where they are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there” (Barrett, 2005). In short, they are most powerful when they are used as "assessment for learning" rather than "assessment of learning" (Barrett, 2005).

The Benefits of e-portfolios

  • e-portfolios allow students to go beyond the limitations of an essay.
  • students are able to articulate their insights and experiences, demonstrating what they have learned in a creative and artistic manner, and at the same time demonstrate how they have achieved the course objectives in a personally meaningful manner.
  • e-portfolios allow students to document and provide evidence of how they have achieved professional competencies.
  • e-portfolios help students demonstrate how they have achieved the course learning objectives, demonstrate their ability to synthesize course material, and connect it to other personal learning experiences by examining unanticipated connections and inspired insights and what they have learned through ‘mistakes’ they have made along the way.
  • e-portfolios can be used throughout a program to help integrate various aspects of the program and allow students to track their academic progress and soft skill development through reflection.
  • e-portfolios can be used to help students develop critical thinking and analytical skills.  In addition, students are able to illustrate how they have achieved course objectives in a personally meaningful manner.

What do students say about using e-portfolios?

  • "The most important thing I learned from using an e-portfolio was how to look at the “big picture”. In school so far, we’ve studied many accounting concepts. However, this is the first time that I have actually slowed down and taken all these small concepts and tried to understand how they are related in the grand scheme of things “(personal communication). -- B.H. Accounting
  • “The themes and the actual e-portfolio program might not be completely evident during the course and content work/volunteer experiences, but in retrospect, they definitely have impacted the way I think and interact in the workplace and the e-portfolio program gave me some “website- creating” experience that gave me some ‘pull’ in the workforce." -- Student, Speech Communications
  •  “I would just like to say that I never knew just how important the team reflections from AFM 131 would be, until I began preparing for interviews for summer internships at accounting firms.  I figured they would ask about teaming [sic] experience (which they did) and I was fully prepared to answer their questions because I referred to what I had wrote [sic] in my team reflections.  On a side note, I have received an offer… and I owe a lot of that to the reflections!  Virtually all of their questions were about experiences in teams.” -- Student email, February 25, 2007

Examples of Student e-portfolios

Examples of how Instructors at UW are Using e-portfolios

Speech Communication 325 Instructor: Diana Denton

Organizational Communication

Intent of the e-portfolio in this couse: bringing assumptions to light.

Under the themes of constraints and creativity, students use their e-portfolio to examine more closely the taken-for-granted nature of organizational life in our society.

Students create an e-portfolio that includes an introductory homepage, containing information they would like to share about themselves, and two pages which build upon the two main themes of the course. Each of the two pages includes substantial pieces of the student’s writing which demonstrates how the student has engaged with ideas from the in-class and online discussions and incorporates academic readings.  During the term, students kept an online journal to note, connect and interpret their learning referencing the course text and a minimum of 2 additional sources such as assigned readings, other readings and class discussions. Feedback to these was given on an ongoing basis. The e-portfolios included a ‘revisiting’ of two journal reflections which explained how their reaction to the course concepts had changed over the term based upon the initial feedback they had received and what they had learned throughout the term   Students were encouraged to incorporate music, photos, videos etc. in their e-portfolios and support with a clear rationale why they had chosen the artefacts.   The e-portfolio activity comprised thirty per cent (30%) of the term mark.

An example of revisiting assumptions in light of readings and class discussions: “Initially, I thought he was just being extremely generous in treating us to lunch without his presence, but now after further examining this chapter I believe that he was …trying to stimulate strategic dialogue.”

School of Pharmacy. Instructors: Nancy Waite and Heather Chase

School of Pharmacy Co-op

Intent of the e-portfolio in this course: documenting achievement of professional competencies.

e-portfolios are the integrating tool through which students conduct in-depth assessment of both the integration of classroom and workplace learning, and their future learning needs, allowing students to showcase their professional development through their mission statements, reports, employer and self-evaluations. 

Students use their e-portfolios during their co-op work terms to document and provide evidence of how they have achieved the following professional competencies:

  • Patient Care
  • Professional Collaboration and Teamwork
  • Ethical, legal and professional responsibilities
  • Drug, Therapeutic and Practice Information
  • Communication and Education
  • Drug Distribution
  • Management Knowledge and Skills

During the first term, students add their personal mission statement, resume and personal learning objectives outlining what they would like to achieve during upcoming co-op work term. Students are encouraged to add multi-media to personalize their e-portfolio.
During their work term, students complete a mid-term and final self-assessment based upon the CECS evaluation form and mid-term and final reflection. They may also use it as a tool to journal their experiences and document evidence of achievement of the required learning outcomes for the school of pharmacy.  These, along with the employer evaluations and the Program Learning Outcomes Tracker (PLOT) are added to their e-portfolio.
Once they are back on campus after their work term, in groups of 5-6, students use their e-portfolios to share their work term experience, outline their next steps based upon their experience and feedback from the work term, and outline an action plan to move forward.

Students are given this template to get started, but are encouraged to personalize their individual site if desired.
Speech Communication 491. Instructor: Kate Willink

Intercultural Communication

This course is designed to study the intersection of communication and culture.  Students gain theoretical and practical understanding of the opportunities and obstacles that exist as individuals and communities communicate within and across cultures. Self-reflection is an important aspect of intercultural communication. Students use their e-portfolios to examine what they have learned and demonstrate the development of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the area of intercultural communication competence.  
Each student’s e-portfolio created for the Intercultural Communication course is arranged under the following three themes.

  • Inspired Insights - where the student shows how he has been able to use the course content, discussions and readings in the community or workplace;
  • Magnificent Failures- where the student shows work she considers experimental, tentative, and “substandard.” and considers how she learned from “mistakes” and “failures”.  
  • Unanticipated Connections- In this area, each student describes significant insights from the class that go well beyond the scope and intention of the syllabus.  These unanticipated connections bridge academic knowledge with life experiences, making the work personally relevant and meaningful.

For example, Craig Garbe’s e-portfolio captures his reflections on his learning, through life and in relationship to this class.

School of Accounting and Finance. Instructor: Robert Sproule

School of Accounting and Finance

Students in the BAFM program are encouraged to create their own e-portfolio in their first term on campus.  While they are provided with resources to develop their e-portfolio using KEEP Toolkit, they are free to use any tool in creating their e-portfolio.  On-line resources, along with a workshop, are offered to support them in their 1B term.  They are encouraged to personalize their own e-portfolio, using artefacts from their life experiences prior to entering university.

Students are provided timely feedback to  any reflective activity they submit from a team of reviewers who are retained and trained solely to provide feedback on reflections.  In addition, a guideline document to help them prepare their reflective piece is provided. The guidelines include a number of items which students are asked to specifically cover off.  Reflective pieces are typically associated with an artefact that could be a personally authored document, feedback from a third party or a video clip.  Students are provided the opportunity to do reflective pieces associated with certain courses in their program.  These reflective pieces tie in with one or more learning outcomes for a particular course and are either done at the end of the course or at intervals throughout the course.  Students are also given the opportunity to do a reflective piece associated with a number of Program-based initiatives. These initiatives are typically of a one-off nature and occur throughout the program.

During each of their four work terms, students are required to complete two reflections to earn credit.  One reflection is due at the mid-point of the work term that will benchmark a student in terms of one of the four themes: teamwork, oral communication, written communication and leadership.  In this reflection, the students must incorporate feedback from their employer and integrate the specific theme with both classroom and work term experiences.  At the end of the work term they will complete a second reflection that will update the theme, incorporating: experiences since the mid point, current feedback from their employer, and feedback from the mid-point reflection they received from the reviewer.
Sexuality, Marriage, and the Family 310. Instructor: Tracy Penny Light

Sexual Ethics

This course examines social relationships and structures that support sexual identities and generate issues related to sexual behaviour, attitudes, and values at the individual and group level. Students are exposed to a variety of critical theoretical approaches to sexual ethics. Through their e-portfolios, students document their ability to think critically and to analyze a variety of texts, lectures, readings, personal research and in-class discussions dealing with sexual ethics.  The creation of the e-portfolio is, in essence, a reflective activity that encourages students to integrate their knowledge of the course materials with those of other courses as well as learning experiences they have had in the workplace and community. Students collect materials throughout the term, and select those artefacts which they feel best showcases their learning and their statement of their personal ethical perspective.  

Students may choose to include their own reflections on course concepts, their concept maps of connections between course concepts, their group research project and the précis assignments. As well, students may include artefacts from other learning contexts (i.e. other courses, workplace, community) which indicate how learning that has taken place in  SMF 310 can be transferred or used after the course is over. In addition, students are encouraged to consider how their own personal histories impact their ethical perspective. The e-portfolio is a culminating activity and is worth 20% of their grade.
Religious Studies 495: Instructor: Doris Jakobsh

The Living Traditions of India

In the fall of 2010, students travelled to India for a three month course with their Professor, Doris Jakobsh. During their travels, the students were required to complete daily journals and weekly reflections in their eportfolios, read an assigned book each week, and participate in group discussions. A month after they returned, they were required to submit a synthesis of their learning by revisiting journal and eportfolio entries and reviewing artifacts from their trip. The course was very much about the very real and very heartfelt experiences which were examined through the lenses of the self, the self within the group, the self as "the other", and the self as a "stranger in a strange land".

The daily journaling and eportfolio, which constituted the largest component of the course activities, were an important means through which the students explored the various facets of their learning which took place throughout the trip. The design of the eportfolio reflected the goals, aspirations and potential of the journey.

The students began and ended their trip by defining what the following four headings* meant to them. Each heading was examined through three foci: Me, The Group and India. These headings and metaphors helped structure the weekly eportfolio reflections and the final reflection on learning that had taken place during the trip.

  1. Inspired Insights
    Metaphor: "You cannot travel on the path until you have become the Path itself. " -- Buddha

  2. Magnificent Failures
    Metaphor: "Not until we are lost do we begin to understand ourselves." -- Thoreau

  3. Unanticipated Connections
    Metaphor: "All are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny…I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the inter-related structure of reality." -- Martin Luther King

  4. Ahhh-sumptions
    Metaphor: "We don’t see things are they are, we see them as we are." -- Anais Nin

Examples of student e-portfolios from this course:

For advice on how e-portfolios can benefit your courses, contact Katherine Lithgow. Katherine can also arrange to have accounts created for your students, and set up a hands-on session to get students started. Resources to help you get started with eportfolios in LEARN are available here.

The Winter 2010 edition (PDF) of The Prism (a publication of UW's Co-operative Education & Career Services) provides an overview of how e-portfolios are being used and adapted at the University of Waterloo.


 

  • In this 50-minute video, Professor Josephine McMurray (Health Studies and Gerontology) explains how she encouraged her students to engage in integrative learning by having them use concept maps in an ongoing manner throughout the term.